![]() 16 To overcome the drawbacks faced by the currently available treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes, stem cell infusion therapies are being developed with the help of mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells. They express low levels of MHC class I, no MHC class II, and do not trigger a proliferative T-cells response. 15 MSCs can differentiate in multiple cell types and have low immunogenicity. 14 MSCs are the most utilized in T2DM clinical trials because they can be isolated from various autologous or allogenic tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood. There are three main types of stem cells used for T2DM treatment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. These stem cells are being assessed in clinical trials to treat various diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, 11 multiple sclerosis, 12 multiple myeloma, 13 etc. 10 These cells can renew, regenerate, and secrete crucial factors to maintain other cell types. Novel stem cell-based therapies were promising for their treatment. 9 Alternative therapies are essential for the management of T2DM. 8 Insulin injections, given when the glucose level is not controlled by lifestyle intervention or chemotherapeutic agents, are invasive and associated with poor compliance and can lead to adverse events such as lipohypertrophy, infections, skin allergy at the site of injection, and development of antibodies against the exogenous insulin. Moreover, these treatments do not reduce the decline of pancreatic β-cell function but instead mitigate the symptoms of the disease ( Figure 1). The chemotherapeutic treatments are associated with several side effects, including hepatotoxicity, hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal disturbances, respiratory tract infection, and others. 7 There are multiple limitations to the conventional treatment methods for T2DM. 6 For late-stage T2DM, transplantation of the pancreas remains the mainstay option, but it is costly and characterized by a high risk of recurrence. 4 (Conventional therapies for T2DM can include lifestyle and diet changes to control the weight and caloric inputs, as well as oral glucose-lowering drugs such as liraglutide (Victoza), semaglutide (Ozempic), and dulaglutide (Trulicity), 5 and ultimately daily insulin injections. ![]() 3 T2DM, if not controlled, can lead to long-term complications such as ischemic heart attack, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and diabetic retinopathy. 2 T2DM majorly occurs in people over 50 years of age but has become increasingly frequent in adults and children below 20. 1 In comparison to Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, T2DM has a higher prevalence worldwide, accounting for approximately 537 million people in 2021, a number projected to rise to 643 and 783 million people by 20, respectively. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by the dysregulation of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins and associated with impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. ![]() Keywords: stem cell, regenerative medicine, diabetes, mesenchymal stem cells A larger sample size is required, and the trials should also study the effect of differentiated MSCs as insulin-producing cells. Conclusion: This analysis concludes that MSC treatment of type 2 diabetes is safe and effective. No severe adverse events were noted in all trials. The C-peptide levels were decreased by an average of 38% in 2 trials and increased by 36% in 4 trials. After treatment, HbAc1 levels were reduced by an average of 32%, and the fasting blood glucose levels were reduced to an average of 45%. The effective therapy dosage ranged from 1× 10 6 cells/kg to 3.7× 10 6 cells/kg. Results: The treatment of patients with MSCs reduced the dosage of anti-diabetic drugs analyzed over a follow-up period of 12 months. A total of 6 out of 58 trials fit our inclusion criteria in the last five years. ![]() Methods: Mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments were studied in 262 patients. Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in treating Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans. This makes them the most commonly used adult stem cells and ideal candidates to treat diabetes. Stem cells are promising as novel regenerative treatments, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are highly versatile in their regenerative and paracrine capabilities and characteristics. Over the decades, multiple therapies and drugs have been developed to control T2D, but they are far from a long-term solution. Aanchal Mathur, Sebastien Taurin, Sfoug Alshammary Regenerative Medicine Center, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain Correspondence: Sfoug Alshammary, Email Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the most common type of diabetes, affecting 6.28% of the population worldwide.
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